Carrying out experimental research that has not been approved by an appropriate ethical review body (such as a Research Ethics Committee or Institutional Review Board) despite such approval being required

NB: Some types of data collection, such as routine audit, which may result in publication, do not require ethical review. Lack of review/approval does not necessarily indicate that the research was unethical but simply that the appropriate safeguards/approval processes have not been applied. See also guidelines of differences between research and audit